Functional Foods and Bioactive Compounds in Managing Type 2 Diabetes Through Nutrigenomics

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) represents a major global health challenge driven by insulin resistance, β-cell dysfunction, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and gut dysbiosis. This review explores the emerging role of nutrigenomics in T2DM management, focusing on how functional foods and their bioactive compounds modulate gene expression, epigenetic mechanisms, and metabolic pathways to improve glycemic control. Key bioactive compounds (including resveratrol, curcumin, quercetin, genistein, berberine, EGCG, and omega-3 PUFAs) exert pleiotropic effects through activation of AMPK and SIRT1, inhibition of NF-κB, modulation of DNA methylation and histone acetylation, regulation of miRNAs, and enhancement of gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as butyrate. These actions collectively improve insulin sensitivity, protect β-cells, reduce inflammation, and restore metabolic homeostasis. Clinical evidence from randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses demonstrates significant reductions in fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, and HOMA-IR, with some compounds (such as curcumin) showing preventive efficacy in prediabetes. Despite challenges related to bioavailability and inter-individual genetic variation, advances in precision nutrition, multi-omics profiling, and formulation technologies position functional foods as a sustainable, mechanism-based complement to conventional pharmacotherapy. This nutrigenomic framework highlights the paradigm of “food as medicine” and underscores the need for personalized dietary interventions to combat the T2DM epidemic.

1. 01.

   1. International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas. International Diabetes Federation; 2023.

   Google Scholar
2. 02.

   2. Ye J, Wu Y, Yang S, Zhu D, Chen F, Chen J, Ji X, Hou K. The global, regional and national burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the past, present and future: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Frontiers in Endocrinology 2023; 14:1192629–1192629. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1192629

   DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1192629 Google Scholar
3. 03.

   3. Kumar A, Gangwar R, Zargar AA, Kumar R, Sharma A. Prevalence of Diabetes in India: A Review of IDF Diabetes Atlas 10th Edition. Current Diabetes Reviews 2024; 20(1):e130423215752. doi: 1573399819666230413094200.

   Google Scholar
4. 04.

   4. Lin X, Xu Y, Pan X, Xu J, Ding Y, Sun X, Song X, Ren Y, Shan P-F. Global, regional, and national burden and trend of diabetes in 195 countries and territories: an analysis from 1990 to 2025. Scientific Reports 2020; 10:14790. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-71908-9.

   DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71908-9 Google Scholar
5. 05.

   5. Abubakar B, Usman D, Sanusi KO, Azmi NH, Imam MU. Preventive Epigenetic Mechanisms of Functional Foods for Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetology. 2023; 4(3):259-277. doi: 10.3390/diabetology4030023.

   DOI: 10.3390/diabetology4030023 Google Scholar
6. 06.

   6. Gu W, Geng J, Zhao H, Li X, Song G. Effects of Resveratrol on Metabolic Indicators in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Clin Pract. 2022;2022:9734738. doi: 10.1155/2022/9734738.

   DOI: 10.1155/2022/9734738 Google Scholar
7. 07.

   7. Dutta S, Shah RB, Singhal S, Dutta SB, Bansal S, Sinha S, Haque M. Metformin: A Review of Potential Mechanism and Therapeutic Utility Beyond Diabetes. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2023;17:1907-1932. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S409373.

   DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S409373 Google Scholar
8. 08.

   8. Abolanle A. A. Kayode, Great O. Adebodun, Daniel I. Fabunmi1, and Omowumi T. Kayode. Role of Functional Foods in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus: A Concise Review. Bioactive Molecules and Pharmaceuticals 2023; 2(7): 29-42. doi: 10.31989/bmp.v2i7.1132.

   DOI: 10.31989/bmp.v2i7.1132 Google Scholar
9. 09.

   9. Felisbino K, Granzotti JG, Bello-Santos L, Guiloski IC. Nutrigenomics in Regulating the Expression of Genes Related to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Front Physiol. 2021;12:699220. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.699220.

   DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.699220 Google Scholar
10. 10.

    10. European Food Safety Authority. Guidance on the scientific requirements for health claims related to functional foods. EFSA J 2022;20:7192–7192.

    Google Scholar
11. 11.

    11. Zhu J, Cheng X, Naumovski N, Hu L, Wang K. Epigenetic regulation by quercetin: a comprehensive review focused on its biological mechanisms. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2025;65(4):627-646. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2278760.

    DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2278760 Google Scholar
12. 12.

    12. Banaszak M, Górna I, Woźniak D, Przysławski J, Drzymała-Czyż S. The Impact of Curcumin, Resveratrol, and Cinnamon on Modulating Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Activity in Type 2 Diabetes: Moving beyond an Anti-Hyperglycaemic Evaluation. Antioxidants. 2024; 13(5):510. doi: 10.3390/antiox13050510.

    DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050510 Google Scholar
13. 13.

    13. Rasouli-Saravani A, Jahankhani K, Moradi S, Gorgani M, Shafaghat Z, Mirsanei Z, Mehmandar A, Mirzaei R. Role of microbiota short-chain fatty acids in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2023;162:114620. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114620.

    DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114620 Google Scholar
14. 14.

    14. Zheng L, Jiang R, Fang J, Tan Y, Wang Y, Li L, Liu M. Short-chain fatty acids and type 2 diabetes: a bibliometric analysis of knowledge structure, research hotspots, and future directions. Front Microbiol. 2025;16:1697421. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1697421.

    DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1697421 Google Scholar
15. 15.

    15. Mansour S, Alkhaaldi SMI, Sammanasunathan AF, Ibrahim S, Farhat J, Al-Omari B. Precision Nutrition Unveiled: Gene-Nutrient Interactions, Microbiota Dynamics, and Lifestyle Factors in Obesity Management. Nutrients. 2024;16(5):581. doi: 10.3390/nu16050581.

    DOI: 10.3390/nu16050581 Google Scholar
16. 16.

    16. Meiliana A, Wijaya A. Nutrigenetics, Nutrigenomics and Precision Nutrition. The Indonesian Biomedical Journal 2020; 12:189–200. doi: 10.18585/inabj.v12i3.1158.

    DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v12i3.1158 Google Scholar
17. 17.

    17. O'Gorman A, Brennan L. Metabolomic applications in nutritional research: a perspective. J Sci Food Agric. 2015;95(13):2567-70. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.7070.

    DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7070 Google Scholar
18. 18.

    18. Berná G, Oliveras-López MJ, Jurado-Ruíz E, Tejedo J, Bedoya F, Soria B, Martín F. Nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics insights into diabetes etiopathogenesis. Nutrients. 2014;6(11):5338-69. doi: 10.3390/nu6115338.

    DOI: 10.3390/nu6115338 Google Scholar
19. 19.

    19. Ortega Á, Berná G, Rojas A, Martín F, Soria B. Gene-Diet Interactions in Type 2 Diabetes: The Chicken and Egg Debate. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(6):1188. doi: 10.3390/ijms18061188.

    DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061188 Google Scholar
20. 20.

    20. Miao C, Zhang G, Xie Z, Chang J. MicroRNAs in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes: new research progress and future direction. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2018;96(2):103-112. doi: 10.1139/cjpp-2017-0452.

    DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2017-0452 Google Scholar
21. 21.

    21. Aryaeian N, Sedehi SK, Arablou T. Polyphenols and their effects on diabetes management: A review. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2017 Dec 26;31:134. doi: 10.14196/mjiri.31.134.

    DOI: 10.14196/mjiri.31.134 Google Scholar
22. 22.

    22. Rumui D, Dama A, Gorica E, Halim VS, Setiawan AF, Tjia XC, Hadinata E, Harbuwono DS, Nurkolis F, Santini A. Precision Nutrition in Type 2 Diabetes Prevention Through Molecular Nutrigenomic and Epigenetic Modulation of Insulin Signaling and Glucose Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27(4):1631. doi: 10.3390/ijms27041631.

    DOI: 10.3390/ijms27041631 Google Scholar
23. 23.

    23. Mariano A, Scotto d’Abusco A, Ammendola S. Gene Polymorphisms Associated with Osteoarthritis: Potential Implications for Nutrigenetics and Precision Nutrition. Nutrients. 2026 Mar 21;18(6):1003. doi: 10.3390/nu18061003.

    DOI: 10.3390/nu18061003 Google Scholar
24. 24.

    24. Yuksek EN, Pereira AG, Prieto MA. Dietary Supplements Derived from Food By-Products for the Management of Diabetes Mellitus. Antioxidants (Basel). 2025;14(10):1176. doi: 10.3390/antiox14101176.

    DOI: 10.3390/antiox14101176 Google Scholar
25. 25.

    25. Mirmiran P, Bahadoran Z, Azizi F. Functional foods-based diet as a novel dietary approach for management of type 2 diabetes and its complications: A review. World J Diabetes. 2014;5(3):267-81. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v5.i3.267.

    DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v5.i3.267 Google Scholar
26. 26.

    26. Ma MY, Li KL, Zheng H, Dou YL, Han LY, Wang L. Omega-3 index and type 2 diabetes: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2021;174:102361. doi: 10.1016/j.plefa.2021.102361.

    DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2021.102361 Google Scholar
27. 27.

    27. Fekete M, Lehoczki A, Kryczyk-Poprawa A, Zábó V, Varga JT, Bálint M, Fazekas-Pongor V, Csípő T, Rząsa-Duran E, Varga P. Functional Foods in Modern Nutrition Science: Mechanisms, Evidence, and Public Health Implications. Nutrients. 2025;17(13):2153. doi: 10.3390/nu17132153.

    DOI: 10.3390/nu17132153 Google Scholar
28. 28.

    28. Bielka W, Przezak A, Pawlik A. The Role of the Gut Microbiota in the Pathogenesis of Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Jan 1;23(1):480. doi: 10.3390/ijms23010480.

    DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010480 Google Scholar
29. 29.

    29. Liu D, Zhao H, Zhang Y, Hu J, Xu H. Efficacy and safety of berberine on the components of metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials 2025. 2025; 16:1572197. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1572197.

    DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1572197 Google Scholar
30. 30.

    30. Liu D, Zhao L, Wang Y, Wang L, Wu D, Liu Y. Berberine: A Rising Star in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes-Novel Insights into Its Anti-Inflammatory, Metabolic, and Epigenetic Mechanisms. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2025;18(12):1890. doi: 10.3390/ph18121890.

    DOI: 10.3390/ph18121890 Google Scholar
31. 31.

    31. Morrison DJ, Preston T. Formation of short chain fatty acids by the gut microbiota and their impact on human metabolism 2016. 7(3), 189–200. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2015.1134082.

    DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2015.1134082 Google Scholar
32. 32.

    32. Barik SK, Sengupta S, Arya R, Kumar S, Kim JJ, Chaurasia R. Dietary Polyphenols as Potential Therapeutic Agents in Type 2 Diabetes Management: Advances and Opportunities. Adv Nutr. 2025;16(1):100346. doi: 10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100346.

    DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100346 Google Scholar
33. 33.

    33. Anhê FF, Desjardins Y, Pilon G, Dudonné S, Genovese MI, Lajolo FM, Marette A. Polyphenols and type 2 diabetes: A prospective review. PharmaNutrition. 2013 Oct 1;1(4):105-14. doi: 10.1016/j.phanu.2013.07.004.

    DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2013.07.004 Google Scholar
34. 34.

    34. Shahidi F, Danielski R. Review on the Role of Polyphenols in Preventing and Treating Type 2 Diabetes: Evidence from in vitro and in vivo Studies. Nutrients. 2024; 16(18):3159. doi: 10.3390/nu16183159.

    DOI: 10.3390/nu16183159 Google Scholar
35. 35.

    35. Zin CAJCM, Mohamed WMIW, Khan NAK, Ishak WRW. Effects of Fruit and Vegetable Polyphenols on the Glycemic Control and Metabolic Parameters in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Review. Prev Nutr Food Sci. 2022;27(3):257-264. doi: 10.3746/pnf.2022.27.3.257.

    DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2022.27.3.257 Google Scholar
36. 36.

    36. Bas TG. Dietary Polyphenols (Flavonoids) Derived from Plants for Use in Therapeutic Health: Antioxidant Performance, ROS, Molecular Mechanisms, and Bioavailability Limitations. Int J Mol Sci. 2026, 30;27(3):1404. doi: 10.3390/ijms27031404.

    DOI: 10.3390/ijms27031404 Google Scholar
37. 37.

    37. Kim Y, Keogh JB, Clifton PM. Polyphenols and Glycemic Control. Nutrients. 2016; 8(1):17. 10.3390/nu8010017.

    Google Scholar
38. 38.

    38. Hui C, Juanying O, Lei C, Yanbo Z, Tomasz S, Dominique D, Jianbo X. Dietary polyphenols and type 2 diabetes: Human Study and Clinical Trial. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2019;59(20):3371-3379. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1492900.

    DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1492900 Google Scholar
39. 39.

    39. Iqbal M, Salazar LA. Epigenetic repurposing of carbohydrate metabolic inhibitors for insulin resistance: targeting DNMT1 and HDAC3 for β-cell restoration. Frontiers in Epigenetics and Epigenomics 2025;3 :1691949. doi: 10.3389/freae.2025.1691949.

    DOI: 10.3389/freae.2025.1691949 Google Scholar
40. 40.

    40. Zhang DW, Fu M, Gao SH, Liu JL. Curcumin and diabetes: A systematic review. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013, 636053. doi: 10.1155/2013/636053.

    DOI: 10.1155/2013/636053 Google Scholar
41. 41.

    41. Hardie, D., Ross, F. & Hawley, S. AMPK: a nutrient and energy sensor that maintains energy homeostasis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2012;13:251–262. doi: 10.1038/nrm3311.

    DOI: 10.1038/nrm3311 Google Scholar
42. 42.

    42. Nurkolis F, Taslim NA, Syahputra RA, d’Arqom A, Tjandrawinata RR, Purba AKR, Mustika A. Food phytochemicals as epigenetic modulators in diabetes: A systematic review 2025. J Agri and Food Res. 2025; 21:101873. doi: 10.1016/j.jafr.2025.101873.

    DOI: 10.1016/j.jafr.2025.101873 Google Scholar
43. 43.

    43. Szic KS vel, Ndlovu M, Haegeman G, Berghe WV. Nature or nurture: Let food be your epigenetic medicine in chronic inflammatory disorders. Biochemical Pharmacology 2010;80:1816–32. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.07.029.

    DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.07.029 Google Scholar
44. 44.

    44. Asghari P, Babaei A, Zamanian N, Eshtivani EN. Berberine's impact on health: Comprehensive biological, pharmacological, and nutritional perspectives. Metabolism Open. 2025;25:100399. doi: 10.1016/j.metop.2025.100399.

    DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2025.100399 Google Scholar
45. 45.

    45. Shankar S, Kumar D, Srivastava R. Epigenetic modifications by dietary phytochemicals: Implications for personalized nutrition. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2012;138:1–17. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.11.002.

    DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.11.002 Google Scholar
46. 46.

    46. Hussain Y, Khan H, Alotaibi G, Khan F, Alam W, Aschner M, Jeandet P, Saso L. How Curcumin Targets Inflammatory Mediators in Diabetes: Therapeutic Insights and Possible Solutions 2022. Molecules 2022, 27(13):4058. doi: 10.3390/molecules27134058.

    DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134058 Google Scholar
47. 47.

    47. Wang Y, Lin Z, Zhang H, Gao Y, Liu Y, Liang J. Research Progress on Polyphenols and Polysaccharides from Marine Seaweeds: Promising Diabetes Management Natural Products. Mar Drugs. 2026 Jun 11;24(6):208. doi: 10.3390/md24060208.

    DOI: 10.3390/md24060208 Google Scholar
48. 48.

    48. Delpino FM, Figueiredo LM. Resveratrol supplementation and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition. 2022;62(16):4465-80. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1875980.

    DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1875980 Google Scholar
49. 49.

    49. Naz R, Saqib F, Awadallah S, Wahid M, Latif MF, Iqbal I, Mubarak MS. Food Polyphenols and Type II Diabetes Mellitus: Pharmacology and Mechanisms. Molecules 2023;28:3996–3996. doi: 10.3390/molecules28103996.

    DOI: 10.3390/molecules28103996 Google Scholar
50. 50.

    50. Chuengsamarn S, Rattanamongkolgul S, Luechapudiporn R, Phisalaphong C, Jirawatnotai S. Curcumin Extract for Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2012;35:2121–7. doi: 10.2337/dc12-0116.

    DOI: 10.2337/dc12-0116 Google Scholar
51. 51.

    51. Sudarshan M, Akansha L, Sharan S. Medicinal plants as nutrigenomic tools for diet-based intervention in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Med Plants Stud. 2026 May 1;14(3):40–3. doi: 10.22271/plants.2026.v14.i3a.2102.

    DOI: 10.22271/plants.2026.v14.i3a.2102 Google Scholar
52. 52.

    52. Mbara KC, Kheoane PS, Tarirai C. Targeting AMPK signaling: The therapeutic potential of berberine in diabetes and its complications. Pharmacological Research - Modern Chinese Medicine 2025;17:100689–100689. doi: 10.1016/j.prmcm.2025.100689.

    DOI: 10.1016/j.prmcm.2025.100689 Google Scholar
53. 53.

    53. Wang J, Bi C, Xi H, Wei F. Effects of administering berberine alone or in combination on type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2024 Nov 21;15:1455534. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1455534.

    DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1455534 Google Scholar
54. 54.

    54. García‐Cañas V, Simó C, León C, Cifuentes A. Advances in Nutrigenomics research: Novel and future analytical approaches to investigate the biological activity of natural compounds and food functions. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 2009;51:290–304. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.04.019.

    DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.04.019 Google Scholar
55. 55.

    55. Mierziak J, Kostyń K, Boba A, Czemplik M, Kulma A, Wojtasik W. Influence of the Bioactive Diet Components on the Gene Expression Regulation. Nutrients 2021;13:3673–3673. doi: 10.3390/nu13113673.

    DOI: 10.3390/nu13113673 Google Scholar
56. 56.

    56. Portincasa P, Bonfrate L, Vacca M, De Angelis M, Farella I, Lanza E, Khalil M, Wang DQ-H, Sperandio M, Di Ciaula A. Gut Microbiota and Short Chain Fatty Acids: Implications in Glucose Homeostasis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(3):1105. doi: 10.3390/ijms23031105.

    DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031105 Google Scholar
57. 57.

    57. He G, Chen J, Hao W, Hu W. Causal effect of gut microbiota and diabetic nephropathy: a Mendelian randomization study. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome. 2024:24;16(1):89. doi: 10.1186/s13098-024-01327-7.

    DOI: 10.1186/s13098-024-01327-7 Google Scholar
58. 58.

    58. Birkeland E, Gharagozlian S, Birkeland KI, Valeur J, Måge I, Rud I, Aas AM. Prebiotic effect of inulin-type fructans on faecal microbiota and short-chain fatty acids in type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial. European journal of nutrition. 2020;59(7):3325-3338. doi: 10.1007/s00394-020-02282-5.

    DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02282-5 Google Scholar
59. 59.

    59. Arshad Z, Shahid S, Hasnain A, Yaseen E, Rahimi M. Functional Foods Enriched With Bioactive Compounds: Therapeutic Potential and Technological Innovations. Europe PMC (PubMed Central) 2025;13(10):e71024. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.71024.

    DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.71024 Google Scholar
60. 60.

    60. Singh V. Current challenges and future implications of exploiting the omics data into nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics for personalized diagnosis and nutrition-based care. Nutrition 2023;110:112002–112002. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.112002.

    DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.112002 Google Scholar
61. 61.

    61. Lam HN., Lin S, Nguyen DHN, Chen C, Su C, Fang T, Li S. Integrative Roles of Functional Foods, Microbiotics, Nutrigenetics, and Nutrigenomics in Managing Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity. Nutrients 2025;17:608–608. doi: 10.3390/nu17040608.

    DOI: 10.3390/nu17040608 Google Scholar
62. 62.

    62. González I, Lindner C, Schneider I, Díaz-Bautista E, Morales MA, Rojas A. Emerging and multifaceted potential contributions of polyphenols in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. PubMed Central 2024;15:154–69. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i2.154.

    DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i2.154 Google Scholar
63. 63.

    63. Shabestari SM, Ghanbari T, Pourmadadi M. Nanoparticle-Based Delivery of Quercetin: Advances, Challenges and Biomedical Applications. IntechOpen; 2026. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.1014549.

    DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.1014549 Google Scholar
64. 64.

    64. Anand P, Kunnumakkara AB, Newman RA, Aggarwal BB. Bioavailability of Curcumin: Problems and Promises. Molecular Pharmaceutics 2007;4:807–18. doi: 10.1021/mp700113r.

    DOI: 10.1021/mp700113r Google Scholar
65. 65.

    65. Mashaqbeh H, Obaidat R, Al-Shar’i N. Evaluation and Characterization of Curcumin-β-Cyclodextrin and Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponge Inclusion Complexation. Polymers. 2021; 13(23):4073. doi: 10.3390/polym13234073.

    DOI: 10.3390/polym13234073 Google Scholar
66. 66.

    66. Chaudhri SK, Jain S. A systematic review of piperine as a bioavailability enhancer. Journal of Drug Delivery & Therapeutics. 2023 Apr 1;13(4). doi: 10.22270/jddt.v13i4.5781.

    DOI: 10.22270/jddt.v13i4.5781 Google Scholar
67. 67.

    67. Shoba G, Joy DC, Joseph T, Majeed M, Rajendran R, Srinivas P. Influence of Piperine on the Pharmacokinetics of Curcumin in Animals and Human Volunteers. Planta Medica 1998;64:353–6. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-957450.

    DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-957450 Google Scholar
68. 68.

    68. Cuomo J, Appendino G, Dern AS, Schneider E, McKinnon T, Brown MJ, Togni S, Dixon B. Comparative Absorption of a Standardized Curcuminoid Mixture and Its Lecithin Formulation. Journal of Natural Products 2011;74:664–9. doi: 10.1021/np1007262.

    DOI: 10.1021/np1007262 Google Scholar
69. 69.

    69. Allam AN, Komeil IA, Fouda MA, Abdallah OY. Preparation, characterization and in vivo evaluation of curcumin self-nano phospholipid dispersion as an approach to enhance oral bioavailability. International journal of pharmaceutics. 2015;489(1-2):117-23. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.04.067.

    DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.04.067 Google Scholar
70. 70.

    70. Scala SL, Naselli F, Quatrini P, Gallo G, Caradonna F. Drought-Adapted Mediterranean Diet Plants: A Source of Bioactive Molecules Able to Give Nutrigenomic Effects per sè or to Obtain Functional Foods. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2024;25:2235–2235. doi: 10.3390/ijms25042235.

    DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042235 Google Scholar